![]() ![]() depression, schizophrenia) versus living in richer neighborhoods ( 27, 29, 33, 35– 40, e1– e4). ![]() For example, living in poor or deprived neighborhoods is associated with greater risk of poor mental health (e.g. ![]() SES is by far the most studied risk factor and has been consistent in its association with mental health. perceived minority status, ethnic group membership) ( 27– 34). In contrast, rural residents were more likely to have alcohol dependence than were urban residents, as shown in a study in China ( 8). Addictive disorders (for instance excessive use of massive multiplayer online role-playing games ) was mainly found among young adult university graduates living alone in urban France ( 26). This was also true in a study on common perinatal mental disorders (depression and substance use) in women in Vietnam ( 25). ![]() In contrast, rural residents in China were more likely to have depressive disorders ( 8, 24). Likewise, mood disorders were observed more frequently among residents of large cities in Germany ( 12). Epidemiological studies further confirmed that the risk for schizophrenia was higher in people who grew up in cities (versus rural areas), thereby exhibiting a dose-response relationship: The more time spent in an urban environment as a child, the higher the risk for schizophrenia as an adult ( 15– 23). In a Danish study, the risk for schizophrenia was more than twofold for individuals who had spent their first 15 years in a major city versus those who had grown up in rural areas ( 14) (see the Table for a selective summary). schizophrenia) in China ( 11) and in large urban areas in Germany ( 12, 13). The same was true for psychotic disorders (e.g. Studies on anxiety disorders (including posttraumatic stress disorder, distress, anger, and paranoia) found higher rates in urban versus rural areas in several Latin American and Asian countries ( 7– 10). anxiety, psychotic, mood, or addictive disorders) is generally higher in cities (e.g. The risk for some major mental illnesses (e.g. ![]()
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